Most proposed calendars for Mars have 24 months, and various systems have been offered to name them. Here’s one more: use the names of the 24 brightest stars, in order of longitude right ascension (relative to the rotation axis of Mars), so that each star is conspicuous at night in the month named for it.
- Vega (α Lyrae), Altair (α Aquilae), Fomalhaut (α Piscis Austrini), Deneb (α Cygni), Achernar (α Eridani), Aldebaran (α Tauri), Rigel (β Orionis), Capella (α Aurigae), Betelgeuse (α Orionis), Canopus (α Carinae), Sirius (α Canis Majoris), Adhara (ε Canis Majoris), Castor (α Geminorum), Pollux (β Geminorum), Procyon (α Canis Minoris), Regulus (α Leonis), Arcturus (α Boötis), Spica (α Virginis), Mimosa (β Crucis), Acrux (α Crucis), Hadar (β Centauri), Rigil Kentaurus (α Centauri), Antares (α Scorpii), Shaula (λ Scorpii)
But some of these stars are at high latitudes declinations; a star near the pole does not move much and so makes an inferior signpost, as well as being out of view to large regions. So I weighted brightness according to the cosine of declination, and got this list:
- Vega, Altair, Alnair (α Gruis), Fomalhaut, Achernar, Aldebaran, Rigel, Bellatrix (γ Orionis), Capella, Elnath (β Tauri), Betelgeuse, Canopus, Sirius, Castor, Pollux, Procyon, Regulus, Arcturus, Spica, Acrux, Hadar, Rigil Kentaurus, Antares, Shaula
Unfortunately for this purpose, bright stars are not evenly distributed: the gap between Achernar and Aldebaran is almost six Martian months, while that between Arcturus and Spica is one day. So, starting with a list of 300 bright stars, I looked for the smallest RA gap and removed the dimmer star (as weighted), repeating until 24 remained:
- Vega, Altair, Alnair, Fomalhaut, Achernar, Markab (α Pegasi), Diphda (β Ceti), Alpheratz (α Andromedae), Hamal (α Arietis), Mirfak (α Persei), Capella, Sirius, Procyon, Dubhe (α Ursae Majoris), Regulus, Alioth (ε Ursae Majoris), Alkaid (η Ursae Majoris), Porrima (γ Virginis), Arcturus, Muhlifain (γ Centauri), Acrux, Rigil Kentaurus, Antares, Shaula
The widest gap is 46.6 days, the narrowest 15.4 (a bit over half a month).
I thought of this years ago, but only now got around to writing the code to generate the list. (I have no obvious way of checking its accuracy.)
α and β Centauri are also called Bungula (β + Latin ungula ‘hoof’) and Agena (α + Latin genu ‘knee’), respectively. See also Agena target vehicle.
It’s encouraging that thirteen names are in all three lists.
Another approach. For each star, define a point on the line from it to the origin (your home planet, or its sun) at a distance proportional to its apparent brightness, raised to some exponent. Consider the convex hull of these points: I would guess it has only about a hundred vertices (for whatever exponent best represents our subjective experience of the view). A first draft of the list of calendar stars is those vertices on edges that cross your celestial equator. To change the length of that list, vary the exponent: a lower exponent makes the radii more equal and thus puts more vertices on the convex hull.
Better: project the points in my last comment onto the plane of the equator, and choose the exponent so that the convex hull of that image has 24 vertices.